通常三种等价但形式不同的方法建立结构动力学“运动方程”:
- ① 达朗贝尔原理:
- 把惯性力视为“假想力”,将结构在动载荷下的行为转化为静力平衡问题。适用于简单结构或微元体分析,但在复杂系统中不易推广。
- ② 哈密顿原理 / 拉格朗日方程(对于复杂系统,应用最广的是第这种方法):
- 哈密顿原理是一种变分原理,它通过系统的动能、势能和阻尼耗散函数建立运动方程,适合离散化后的有限自由度系统。拉格朗日方程是哈密顿原理的等价形式,广泛用于有限元法和计算力学软件中。
- ③ 虚位移原理:
- 虚位移原理强调外力与内力在虚位移上的功相等,是建立有限元单元刚度矩阵的基础。虽然形式上与哈密顿原理不同,但在离散系统中可以转化为等价表达。
结构动力系统的动能、势能、阻尼耗散函数及广义力表达式(哈密顿原理 / 拉格朗日运动方程)是一个二阶常微分方程组,矩阵形式为:
Mu¨(t)+Cu˙(t)+Ku(t)=F(t)
其中:
- u(t): 广义位移向量(随时间变化)
- u˙(t): 广义速度向量
- u¨(t): 广义加速度向量
- 𝑀,𝐶,𝐾:质量矩阵,阻尼矩阵,刚度矩阵
- F (t): 广义外力向量(时间函数)
动力结构的运动方程(二阶常微分方程组)图解
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